Between 1898 and 1909, Newfoundland and Labrador ice captain Bob Bartlett and American explorer Robert Peary made three separate attempts to reach the North Pole.
An important fishing base for centuries, St. Pierre and Miquelon's population have had a long and varied relationship with their neighbours in Newfoundland.
The Portuguese pioneered the European exploration of the Atlantic Ocean. Some historians believe that Portuguese mariners reached Newfoundland before Cabot.