Newfoundland and Labrador's physical environment greatly influenced the ways settlers made a living during the 19th century. The richness of marine resources encouraged a pattern of coastal settlement and made the cod and seal fisheries central to local economies. In contrast, the relative scarcity of good soils and other terrestrial resources made large-scale farming operations impractical and discouraged year-round habitation of interior spaces.

After rejecting Confederation with Canada in 1869, railway construction was championed in Newfoundland as the 'work of a country.'

Although the main line was itself a signal feat of engineering and political optimism, branch lines were also integral to the Newfoundland railway.

Avalanches involve the rapid downslope movement of snow or ice, with or without sediment and rock.

Shortly after Cabot's discovery of North America, seasonal whaling stations were established on the Labrador side of the Strait of Belle Isle.

The Commercial whaling industry in Newfoundland and Labrador during the 20th century

The European exploration of Newfoundland and Labrador continued through the 18th and 19th centuries, often with the assistance of Native peoples.

James Howley's 1919 geological map of Newfoundland

Information about the migratory fishery and the patterns permanent settlement around Newfoundland and Labrador.

Premier Frederic Carter called a general election in 1869, in which the central issue was whether or not Newfoundland should join Canada.

About the Great Fire that started on 9 June 1846 in St. John's when a fire broke out in a cabinetmaker's workshop on George Street.

Irish migrations began in the late-17th century and peaked in the early 19th century, when up to 35,000 Irish arrived on the island.

The Irish migrations to Newfoundland, and the associated provisions trade, represent the oldest connections between Ireland and Canada.